أستاذ القانون والعلوم السياسية في الجامعة الدولية للرباط .
أستاذ مشارك للدراسات الدولية في كلية العلوم الإنسانية والاجتماعية بجامعة الأخوين بالمغرب ، وزميل أقدم في مركز دراسة القانون والدين في كلية الحقوق في إيموري. عمل سابقاً كمدير لبرنامج حرية الدين والمعتقد في الاتحاد الأمريكي للحريات المدنية وكمدير للأبحاث في اللجنة الأمريكية للحرية الدينية الدولية. كما شغل منصب المدير التنفيذي لمجلس مراجعة سجلات اغتيال جون كنيدي وكعميل أول في معهد الولايات المتحدة للسلام.
التعليم :
شهادة الدكتوراه من جامعة هارفارد ، لجنة دراسة الدين (الدين والمجتمع) ، 1991,
دكتوراه ، كلية الحقوق بجامعة بوسطن ، ١٩٨٧ ، بامتياز,
بكالوريوس من جامعة بريغهام يونغ ، العلاقات الدولية والإنسانيات ، 1974 ، مرتبة الشرف العليا.
من منشوراته ( باللغة الاصلية ) :
كتب وتقارير :
Interacting Civilizations: A History of Muslim Societies from the Mediterranean Basin to the Iranian Plateau (2015).
Georgian Constitutional Values versus Political and Financial Interests: The Constitutional Agreement’s Departure from the Georgian Principle of Equality. Oslo, Norwegian Centre for Human Rights, 2015.
No Establishment of Religion: America’s Original Contribution to Religious Liberty (ed. with John Witte, Jr.) Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Spiritual Weapons: The Cold War and the Forging of an American National Religion. Westport, CT and London: Praeger, 2009
La nouvelle question religieuse: Régulation ou ingérence de l’État? (The New Religious Question: State Regulation or State Interference?) (ed. with Pauline Côté) Brussels: Peter Lang, 2006.
Din Özgürlüğü ve Laicite Abd ve Fransa Mukayesesi. Ankara, Turkey: Liberal Dusunce, 2006. Dieu en France et aux États-Unis: Quand les mythes font la loi (with Blandine ChéliniPont). Paris: Berg International, 2005.
A Standard for Repair: The Establishment Clause, Equality, and Natural Rights. New York and London: Garland, 1992.
المقالات والفصول :
“Islam and the Concept of the Separation of Religion and the State,” Droit et Religions Vol. 8 (2015-2016): 283-294.
“U.S. Department of Defense,” in America in the World, 1776 to the Present, edited by Edward J. Blum, Cara Burnidge, Emily Conroy-Krutz and David Kinkela, Farmington Hills, MI: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2016, 1:272-280.
“Saudi Arabia,” in Encyclopedia of Law and Religion, ed. by Gerhard Robbers and W. Cole Durham. Leiden: Brill, 2016, 3:299-308.
“Organisation of Islamic Cooperation,” in Encyclopedia of Law and Religion, ed. by Gerhard Robbers and W. Cole Durham. Leiden: Brill, 2016, 5:217-219.
“League of Arab States,” in Encyclopedia of Law and Religion, ed. by Gerhard Robbers and W. Cole Durham. Leiden: Brill, 2016, 5:194-195.
“Morocco” in Encyclopedia of Law and Religion, ed. by Gerhard Robbers and W. Cole Durham. Leiden: Brill, 2016, I:195-201 (with Amal Idrissi).
“Secularism, the Secular, and Secularization,” in Trends of Secularism in a Pluralistic World, Jaime Contreras and Rosa Maria Martinez de Codes, eds., Madrid: Iberoamerican/ Vervuert, 2013, 59-105.
“The Complexity of Religion and the Definition of ‘Religion’ in International Law,” in Freedom of Religion and Belief, ed. by Silvio Ferrari and Rinaldo Cristofori, Vol. II, London, UK: Ashgate, 2013.
“The Politics of Religious Freedom: Competing Claims in the United States,” in The Protection & Promotion of Freedom of Religion & Belief in Foreign Policy,” ed. by Kristen Jeffers, Florence, Italy: European University Institute, 2013, 35-41.
“The Separation of Church and State versus Religion in the Public Square: The Contested History of the Establishment Clause,” in No Establishment of Religion: America’s Original Contribution to Religious Liberty, ed. by T. Jeremy Gunn and John Witte, Jr., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, 5-44.
“Secularism, the Secular, and Secularization,” Fides et Libertas (2012): 22-60.
“Religious Symbols in Public Schools: The Islamic Headscarf and the European Court of Human Rights Decision in Sahin v. Turkey,” in Islam, Europe and Emerging Legal Issues, W. Cole Durham, et al., eds. Farnham, UK: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2012.
“Permissible Limitations on Religion” in Religion and Human Rights, John Witte, Jr. and M. Christian Green, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. “Limitarile Permisible Impuse Religiei,” Fides et Libertas (2011): 162-76.
“Freedom of Religion and International Politics,” World Politics Review (November, 2011).
“The Spiritual Factor: Eisenhower, Religion, and Foreign Policy,” The Review of Faith & International Affairs (December 2011): 39-49.
“What’s Love Got to Do With It?: The Best Interests of the Child in International and Comparative Law” in The Best Love of the Child: Being Loved and Being Taught to Love as the First Human Right. Timothy Jackson, ed. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2011, 277-316 (with Rana Lehr-Lehnardt).
“Religious Symbols and Religious Expression in the Public Square” in Oxford Handbook of Church and State in the United States, Derek Davis, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, 276-310.
“The Human Rights System” in Christianity and Human Rights, John Witte, Jr. and Frank S. Alexander, eds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010, 193-215.
“Under God but not the Scarf: The Founding Myths of Religious Freedom in the United States and Laïcité in France,” in Bryan S. Turner, ed., Secularization, vol. 1. London: Sage, 2010, 229-245.
“Permissible Limitations on Religion,” Fides et Libertas (Symposium Issue) (2010): 150-63. “Religion and Law in France: Secularism, Separation, and State Intervention,” Drake Law Review, 57 (2009): 949-78.
“Freedom of Religion: UN and European Human Rights Law and Practice,” Journal of Law and Religion 23 (2008): 763-66 (book review).
“Clothes Encounters in the Naked Public Square” in Debating the Divine: Religion in 21st Century American Democracy, Sally Steenland, ed. Washington, DC: Center for American Progress, 2008.
“Fearful Symbols: The Islamic Headscarf and the European Court of Human Rights in Sahin v. Turkey,” Droit et Religion (2008): 339-67.
“Religion, Politics, and Law in the United States in Comparative Perspective” in Politics and Religion in France and the United States, Alec G. Hargreaves, John Kelsay, Sumner B. Twiss, eds., 3-14. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007.
“But this is OUR Country: Religion, Identity, and the Culture Wars,” University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender & Class 6 (2006): 1-6.
“Managing Religion through Founding Myths and Perceived Identities” in La nouvelle question religieuse: Régulation ou ingérence de l’État? (The New Religious Question: State Regulation or State Interference?), Pauline Côté and T. Jeremy Gunn, eds., 33-47, Brussels: Peter Lang, 2006.
“The Religious Right and the Opposition to U.S. Ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child,” Emory International Law Review 20 (2006): 111-28.
“The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,” Encyclopedia of World Constitutions, Gerhard Robbers, ed., New York: Facts on File, 2006.
“Creating an Effective Message on Intelligent Design,” Physics and Society 35 (October 2006) (with David G. Cooper).
“Religious Liberty (Modern Period)” in The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Erwin Fahlbusch, et al., eds., vol. 4:605-17, Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans-Brill, 2005.
“Moral Reconstruction: Christian Lobbyists and the Federal Legislation of Morality, 1865- 1920,” Archives de sciences socials des religions 132 (2005): 246-47 (book review with Pauline Côté).
“Introduction” (to special issue on The Permissible Scope of Legal Limitations on the Freedom of Religion or Belief), Emory International Law Review 19 (2005): ix-xiii.
“Deconstructing Proportionality in Limitations Analysis,” Emory International Law Review 19 (2005): 465-98.
“The Permissible Scope of Legal Limitations on the Freedom of Religion or Belief in Canada,” (with Pauline Côté), Emory International Law Review 19 (2005): 685-751.
“Comprendre les sens du mot ‘religion’ en droit,” Mélanges offerts au Doyen Abdelfattah Amor, 527-45, Tunis: Centre de Publications universitaires, 2005.
“French Secularism as Utopia and Myth,” Houston Law Review (2005): 81-102. “Constitution, religion et égalité,” Constitutions et principe d’égalité, Académie Internationale de Droit Constitutionnel, vol. XIV, Tunis, 2005.
“Founding Myths: ‘Religious Freedom’ in the United States and Laicité in the French Republic,” Fides et Libertas (2004): 58-69.
“Religion” in Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Dinah L. Shelton, et al., eds., vol. 2, 880-82. New York: Macmillan, 2004.
“Religious Groups” in Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Dinah L. Shelton, et al., eds., vol. 2, 882-84. New York: Macmillan, 2004.
Guidelines for Review of Legislation Pertaining to Religion or Belief (as Rapporteur, Panel of Experts on Freedom of Religion or Belief of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Office of Democratic Institutions and Human Rights). Warsaw: ODIHR, 2004.
“The United States and the Promotion of Freedom of Religion and Belief” in Facilitating Freedom of Religion or Belief: A Deskbook, Tore Lindholm, W. Cole Durham, and Bahia Tahzib-Lie, eds., 721-46. The Hague: Martinus-Nijhoff, 2004.
“Religious Freedom and Laïcité: A Comparison of the United States and France,” Brigham Young University Law Review (2004): 419-506.
“Under God but not the Scarf: The Founding Myths of Religious Freedom in the United States and Laïcité in France,” Journal of Church and State 46 (2004): 7-24.
“Islam et islamisme: le défi pour la sécurité en Asie centrale” in Asie Centrale et Caucase: une sécurité mondialisée, Thomas Juneau, Gérard Hervouet, and Frédéric Lasserre, eds., 153-76. Sainte-Foy: Les Presses de l’Université Laval, 2004.
“Religion civile et mythes fondateurs. Comparaison des politiques religieuses américaine et française” in Quelle « politique » religieuse en Europe et en Méditerranée : Enjeux et perspectives, Blandine Chélini-Pont, ed., 159-80. Aix-en-Provence: Presses Universitaires d’Aix-Marseille, 2004.
“Hellfire Nation: The Politics of Sin in American History,” Journal of Church and State 45 (2003): 821-23 (book review with Blandine Chélini-Pont).
“Sécurité nationale et terrorisme religieux: Paradoxes et dilemmes de la politique américaine,” Sécurité mondiale no. 5 (September 2003): 2-4.
“Shaping an Islamic Identity: Religion, Islamism, and the State in Central Asia,” Sociology of Religion 64 (2003): 389-410.
“The Complexity of Religion and the Definition of ‘Religion’ in International Law,” Harvard Human Rights Journal 16 (2003): 189-215.
“Full of Sound and Fury,” Christianity Today (March 2003): 51-54. “Diplomacy, not denunciation, saves lives,” Christianity Today (April 2003): 89.
“Die Vereinigten Staaten und ihr Einsatz für Religions-und Glaubensfreiheit,” Religion - Staat – Gesellschaft 3(2) (2002): 235-63.
“American Exceptionalism and Globalist Double Standards: A More Balanced Alternative,” Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 41 (2002): 137-52.
“The Complexity of Religion in Determining Refugee Status” (commissioned by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2002) (www.unhcr.ch./protect).
“The Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe and the Rights of Religion or Belief” in The Protection of Human Rights of Religious Minorities in Eastern Europe, Peter G. Danchin and Elizabeth A. Cole, eds., New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.
“Restrictions on the Activities of Religious and Belief Communities: What is Permissible in Law and Practice?” in Seminar on Freedom of Religion or Belief in the OSCE Region: Challenges to Law and Practice, Chantal Grotens and Bahia Tahzib-Lie, eds., 41-44. The Hague: Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2001.
“When Our Allies Persecute,” Religion in the News 4, no. 3 (2001): 12-14. “Religijos laisvė: tarptautiniai standartai” in Religija ir teisė pilietinė visuomenėje. Lithuanian Ministry of Justice, ed., 67-70, Vilnius, Lithuania: Lithuanian Ministry of Justice, 2001.
“A Preliminary Response to Criticisms of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998,” Brigham Young University Law Review (2000): 841-65.
“The Law of the Russian Federation on the Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations from a Human Rights Perspective” in Proselytism and Orthodoxy in Russia: The New War for Souls, John Witte Jr. and Michael Bourdeaux, eds, 239-64. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1999. “Religious Liberty and International Law in Europe,” Journal of Religion 79 (1999): 329-30 (book review of Malcolm D. Evans, Religious Liberty and International Law in Europe).
“Le glaive de César: la loi de 1997 de la Fédération de Russie sur la liberté de conscience et les associations religieuses,” Conscience et liberté 56 (1998): 64-85.
“Majorities, Minorities, and the Rights of Religion or Belief,” Helsinki Monitor 9, no. 3 (1998): 38-44.
“Caesar’s Sword: The 1997 Law of the Russian Federation On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations,” Emory Journal of International Law 18 (1998): 43-99.
“Comparative Constitutionalism in Central and Eastern Europe,” Jurist 1 (1998) (book review of Rett R. Ludwikowski, Constitution-Making in the Region of Former Soviet Dominance).
“The Godless Constitution: The Case Against Religious Correctness,” Journal of the Early Republic 17 (1997): 142-43 (book review of Isaac Kramnick and R. Laurence Moore, The Godless Constitution). “Adjudicating Rights of Conscience Under the European Convention on Human Rights” in Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives, Johan van der Vyver and John Witte, Jr., eds., 305-30. The Hague: Martinus-Nijhoff, 1996.
“Freedom of Religion or Belief, Ensuring Effective International Legal Protection,” American Journal of International Law 90 (1996): 707-09 (book review).
“The Promises We Keep: Human Rights, the Helsinki Process, and American Foreign Policy,” American Journal of International Law 88 (1994): 854-55 (book review). “Neutrality, Expression, and Oppression,” Journal of Law & Education 23 (1994): 391-97.
رابط المصدر :
